tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57665800151851613752024-03-05T07:31:13.213-08:00Gettysburg AddressThis is a speech given by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, during the American Civil War, on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863, at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The speech occurred four and a half months after the Union armies defeated General Robert E. Lee and his CSA forces at the Battle of Gettysburg.Estorichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01053949094757114679noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5766580015185161375.post-3372583389043589742013-03-09T15:53:00.001-08:002017-08-05T18:19:14.883-07:00Gettysburg Address<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><i>Gettysburg Address</i></b></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The disasters of the Army of the Potomac did not end with the
removal of General McClellan, which took place in November, 1862, as a
consequence of his persistent delay in pursuing Robert E. Lee's retreating army
after the battle of Antietam. General Burnside, who succeeded him, suffered a
humiliating defeat in his attack upon the entrenched position of the Confederates
at Fredericksburg. General Hooker, who next took command, after opening his
campaign by crossing the Rapidan in a march of extraordinary brilliancy, was
defeated at <a href="http://www.virtualology.com/battleofchancellorsville.com"><span style="color: #0b5394; text-decoration: none;">Chancellorsville</span></a>,
in a battle where both sides lost severely, and then retired again north of the
river. </span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">General Lee, leaving the National army on his right flank, crossed
the Potomac, and <a href="http://www.virtualology.com/josephhooker.net/"><span style="color: #0b5394; text-decoration: none;">Hooker</span></a> having,
at his own request, been relieved and succeeded by General Meade, the two
armies met in a three days' <a href="http://www.virtualology.com/thebattleofgettysburg.com/"><span style="color: #0b5394; text-decoration: none;">Battle at
Gettysburg</span></a>, Pa., where General Lee sustained a decisive defeat, and
was driven back into Virginia. His flight from Gettysburg began on the evening
of the 4th of July, a day that in this year doubled its luster as a historic
anniversary. For on this day Vicksburg, the most important Confederate
stronghold in the west, surrendered to General Grant. He had spent the early
months of 1863 in successive attempts to take that fortress, all of which had
failed; but on the last day of April he crossed the river at Grand Gulf, and
within a few days fought the successful battles of Port Gibson, Raymond,
Jackson, Champion Hills, and the Big Black river, and shut up the army of
Pemberton in close siege in the city of Vicksburg, which he finally captured
with about 30,000 men on the 4th of July.</span></b><br />
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Students and Teachers of US History this is a video of <a href="http://www.stanklos.org/">Stanley</a> and Christopher Klos presenting America's Four United Republics Curriculum at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School. The December 2015 video was an impromptu capture by a member of the audience of Penn students, professors and guests that numbered about 200. - <a href="http://www.afur.us/" target="_blank">Click Here</a> for more information</div>
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<b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The reburial of Union soldiers from the Gettysburg Battlefield
graves began on October 17 three months after the July 1–3, 1863, Battle of
Gettysburg. The committee for the National Cemetery Consecration invited
President Lincoln for the November 19, 1863 writing </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><i>"It is the desire that, after the Oration, you, as Chief
Executive of the nation, formally set apart these grounds to their sacred use
by a few appropriate remarks." </i></span></b></blockquote>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpIpF-6vAFieXmtyAnasPAFkwG_XsMjHVJWFf4yUvx6Ilzt9rsAClgttp1wIsSYzaWUgIlpa_zcLuaGezgdr7nI_Whrv_1uQiwWqa33-qpzhjb5u4GX8in1Q4b3Ng_XDrjmRuixCW0CPlJ/s1600/gettysburgaddress1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpIpF-6vAFieXmtyAnasPAFkwG_XsMjHVJWFf4yUvx6Ilzt9rsAClgttp1wIsSYzaWUgIlpa_zcLuaGezgdr7nI_Whrv_1uQiwWqa33-qpzhjb5u4GX8in1Q4b3Ng_XDrjmRuixCW0CPlJ/s400/gettysburgaddress1.jpg" title=" John George Nicolay, Lincoln's private secretary, is believed to be the first draft of the Gettysburg Address from the National Archives - http://www.gettysburgaddress.org/" width="318" /></a></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSnQ0YlLl8cf_1w-ld0R0Ch0XbBKT7svWr2tK-1zRrIsX3IbjaIET6bo8e-ce6oU_Q7Z-AwFt5aFNw62cKHFvzcNalcI_056HyZwYBovIWzBoTmTHpvrw9ewx-rVg3dcz5acqtdiIu3BDS/s1600/gettysburgaddress2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSnQ0YlLl8cf_1w-ld0R0Ch0XbBKT7svWr2tK-1zRrIsX3IbjaIET6bo8e-ce6oU_Q7Z-AwFt5aFNw62cKHFvzcNalcI_056HyZwYBovIWzBoTmTHpvrw9ewx-rVg3dcz5acqtdiIu3BDS/s400/gettysburgaddress2.jpg" title=" John George Nicolay, Lincoln's private secretary, is believed to be the first draft of the Gettysburg Address, page two, from the National Archives - http://www.gettysburgaddress.org/" width="251" /></a></span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 28px;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>This document is the earliest known of the five drafts of the speech delivered by President Abraham Lincoln in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, at the dedication of a memorial cemetery on November 19, 1863, which it is now familiarly known as the "Gettysburg Address." Lincoln justified the Civil War carnage by equating it to an effort of US citizens to live up to "the proposition that 'all men are created equal.'" This document, once owned by Lincoln's private secretary, John George Nicolay, is known to be the only draft of the Gettysburg Address. The first page is on Executive Mansion stationery indicating that it was drafted in Washington, D.C. The second page is written on "foolscap," which has caused many historians to conclude that that Lincoln was not fully satisfied with the final paragraph of the Address and rewrote that passage in Gettysburg, on November 19, while staying at the home of Judge David Wills.</i></span></b></span></blockquote>
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<b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Abraham Lincoln took a train from Washington, D.C., to Gettysburg
on November 18. On the railroad car the President rode with his
secretary, John G. Nicolay, his assistant secretary, John Hay, the three
members of his Cabinet members William Seward, John Usher and Montgomery Blair.
John Hay recalled that the President stated that he felt weak on the train
while John Nicolay, on the morning of November 19, notes that Lincoln mentioned
to him that he was dizzy. Hay noted that during the speech Lincoln's face
had <i>'a ghastly color'</i> and that he was <i>'sad, mournful, almost haggard.' </i></span></b></div>
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<b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The program organized for that day by Wills and his committee
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<li><b style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.25in;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Music, by Birgfield's Band</span></i></b></li>
<li><b style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.25in;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Prayer, by Reverend T.H. Stockton, D.D.</span></i></b></li>
<li><b style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.25in;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Music, by the Marine Band</span></i></b></li>
<li><b style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.25in;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Oration, by Hon. Edward Everett</span></i></b></li>
<li><b style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.25in;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Music, Hymn composed by B.B. French, Esq.</span></i></b></li>
<li><b style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.25in;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Dedicatory Remarks, by the President of the United States</span></i></b></li>
<li><b style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.25in;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Dirge, sung by Choir selected for the occasion</span></i></b></li>
<li><b style="line-height: 150%;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Benediction, by Reverend H.L. Baugher, D.D</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 0.25in;"> </span></li>
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<b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> There are slightly differing
versions of Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address" and the one that is here given is a literal transcript of the speech as he
afterward wrote it out for a fair in Baltimore :</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.25in;"> </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_KQE1-eXkPppGFrjDW6JQ1Js5U66jOc6VwEqjZiX66l6A1xYeiq1947gUvKfeOoBo8pNdEdEE8QWzCKNS_5T06OnBbTSCQW6pK2pqpXa0lkw-wKlNT4cW8Uw5m-XNlQGLoSrsq_GHHAQ7/s1600/gb1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_KQE1-eXkPppGFrjDW6JQ1Js5U66jOc6VwEqjZiX66l6A1xYeiq1947gUvKfeOoBo8pNdEdEE8QWzCKNS_5T06OnBbTSCQW6pK2pqpXa0lkw-wKlNT4cW8Uw5m-XNlQGLoSrsq_GHHAQ7/s640/gb1.jpg" title="http://www.gettysburgaddress.org/" width="392" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #292929; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: left;">Abraham Lincoln. "Hay Draft" of the Gettysburg Address, 1863. Manuscript. <br />Page one. John Hay Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress</span></td></tr>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">"<a href="http://www.virtualology.com/gettysburgaddress.org/"><span style="color: #0b5394; text-decoration: none;">Fourscore and seven years ago</span></a> our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate--we cannot consecrate--we cannot hallow--this ground. </span></i></b></blockquote>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #292929; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: left;">Abraham Lincoln. "Hay Draft" of the Gettysburg Address, 1863. Manuscript. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #292929; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: left;">Page two. John Hay Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress</span></td></tr>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here,
have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will
little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what
they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It
is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before
us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for
which they gave the last full measure of devotion --that we here highly resolve
that these dead shall not have died in vain--that this nation, under God, shall
have a new birth of freedom--and that government of the people, by the people,
for the people, shall not perish from the earth."</span></i></b></blockquote>
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The speech that President Abraham Lincoln delivered at the dedication of the National cemetery on the battlefield of Gettysburg, November 19th, 1863, was at once recognized as the philosophy in brief of the whole great struggle, and has already become classic. </span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk5OwkOv_AXtHFJMZQP2HvFLgQwzNcv5evLethx2pUJAbh-D56elHnDEBnLSRmXEhyphenhyphentLyVAUnK2M2ryZAGKoje8hENWE66E9GUChTr4nOxltE-EgEwpJSMW61yXuJq-7iM-NoyOyqGU1cQ/s1600/Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-indent: 0px;"><img alt="" border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk5OwkOv_AXtHFJMZQP2HvFLgQwzNcv5evLethx2pUJAbh-D56elHnDEBnLSRmXEhyphenhyphentLyVAUnK2M2ryZAGKoje8hENWE66E9GUChTr4nOxltE-EgEwpJSMW61yXuJq-7iM-NoyOyqGU1cQ/s640/Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg" title="The first of the three known photos of Abraham Lincoln at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on November 19, 1863 - http://www.gettysburgaddress.org/" width="582" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizi7uKv3fCRMWI0hZV7ltVjgJ8WijT6UjfjQGpq5hXZiCmUF8OITnA7-12_WB1ertFPj7V8CWYOdvReyAfvdJ3-dklIoHN82B_IB3AfyozgRQhYnTPMsgYV9sTfyMnqK09VjENVQzJpssZ/s1600/lincoln+gburg3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The most notable part of Lincoln's
speech was its ending <i>" that this nation, under God, shall have a new
birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the
people, shall not perish from the earth."</i> The origin of this phrase
dates back to Chief Justice John Marshall's opinion in McCulloch v. Maryland
(1819), when he stated: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><i>The government of the Union, then
(whatever may be the influence of this fact on the case), is, emphatically and
truly, a government of the people. In form, and in substance, it emanates from
them. Its powers are granted by them, and are to be exercised directly on them,
and for their benefit.</i></span></b></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisjhB2u8sbzmWO5-R_BtRriQbM8z741ViGe03eYfx75Q6cFpLsl4y590CSzasvqxWzyXKh5OUqjf9fd2M9FmpdKP1MDMCsPTZiHw8bOOzdPgF2G5AcfOJsKZsoxmpyIKrYxapglnZCxtr6/s1600/gettysburg3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisjhB2u8sbzmWO5-R_BtRriQbM8z741ViGe03eYfx75Q6cFpLsl4y590CSzasvqxWzyXKh5OUqjf9fd2M9FmpdKP1MDMCsPTZiHw8bOOzdPgF2G5AcfOJsKZsoxmpyIKrYxapglnZCxtr6/s640/gettysburg3.jpg" title="GETTYSBURG ADDRESS. Newspaper, The New York Times, November 20, 1863. " width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">GETTYSBURG ADDRESS. Newspaper, The New York Times, November 20, 1863. “we cannot dedicate--we cannot consecrate--we cannot hallow--this ground.”A rare first day of publication newspaper, with Lincoln’s timeless speech incorporating American ideals as justification for the Civil War. The Gettysburg Address is on the front page and this original issue also includes Edward Everett’s speech along with a report on the ceremonies.</span></td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11 years later Senator Daniel Webster,
in a January 26, 1830 speech before the United States Senate, described the
federal government as:</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><i><br /></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><i>made for the people, made by the people, and
answerable to the people. </i></span></b></blockquote>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Finally, abolitionist minister
Theodore Parker, of Massachusetts reported used this phrase in one of his
speeches: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><i>Democracy is direct self-government,
over all the people, for all the people, by all the people.</i></span></b></blockquote>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;">Who was the first U.S. President?</span></b><br />
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVK6A_Xw_5wIXWfLettUjoqd2haAkOERu4b52oIeaX500K6hF7D5gEmkbpsCj-cRMAAJzKlqsjgXzfk2_Mk6goBtiAbCa3HrsPJT1alL9Ox9PNIHN1gEjVH_xhSv44TNxwQPLwb2_d3H0/s1600/AFUR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1616cc; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" border="0" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVK6A_Xw_5wIXWfLettUjoqd2haAkOERu4b52oIeaX500K6hF7D5gEmkbpsCj-cRMAAJzKlqsjgXzfk2_Mk6goBtiAbCa3HrsPJT1alL9Ox9PNIHN1gEjVH_xhSv44TNxwQPLwb2_d3H0/s640/AFUR.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" title="America's Four Republics: The More of Less United States By: Stanley Yavneh Klos - http://historic.us/" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12px;"><div style="color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;">
<span style="color: #073763; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><b><a href="http://www.americasfourrepublics.com/" style="color: #6c91ce; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">America's Four Republics: The More or Less United States</span></a></b></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">By: Stanley Yavneh Klos</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em; text-align: start;">
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #990000; line-height: 17.77777862548828px;">First United American Republic:</span></b><span style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><i style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px;">United Colonies of North America: 13 British Colonies United in Congress </span></i><span style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px; text-indent: 0in;">was founded by 12 colonies on September 5th, 1774 (Georgia joined in 1775) and governed through a <i><a href="http://www.uscontinentalcongress.com/" style="color: #1616cc; text-decoration: none;">British Colonial Continental Congress</a>.</i> <a href="http://www.peytonrandolph.com/" style="color: #1616cc; text-decoration: none;">Peyton Randolph</a> and <a href="http://www.georgewashington.us/" style="color: #1616cc; text-decoration: none;">George Washington </a>served, respectively, as the Republic's first President and Commander-in-Chief;</span></span></span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #990000; line-height: 17.77777862548828px;">Second United American Republic:</span></b><span style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #990000;"> </span><i>The U</i></span><i style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px;">nited States of America: 13 Independent States United in Congress</span></i><span style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px; text-indent: 0in;"> was founded by 12 states on July 2nd, 1776 (New York abstained until July 8th), and governed through the <a href="http://www.uscontinentalcongress.com/p/us-continental-congress.html" style="color: #1616cc; text-decoration: none;"><i>United States</i> </a><i><a href="http://www.uscontinentalcongress.com/p/us-continental-congress.html" style="color: #1616cc; text-decoration: none;">Continental Congress</a>. </i><a href="http://www.johnhancock.org/" style="color: #1616cc; text-decoration: none;">John Hancock</a> and <a href="http://www.georgewashington.us/" style="color: #1616cc; text-decoration: none;">George Washington</a> served, respectively, as the Republic's first President and Commander-in-Chief; </span></span></span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #990000; line-height: 17.77777862548828px;">Third United American Republic: </span></b><i style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px;">The<b> </b></span></i><i style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px;">United States of America: A Perpetual Union</span></i><span style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px; text-indent: 0in;"> was founded by 13 States on March 1st, 1781, with the enactment of the first U.S. Constitution, the <i><i><a href="http://www.articlesofconfederation.com/" style="color: #1616cc; text-decoration: none;">Articles of Confederation</a>,</i> </i>and governed through the <a href="http://www.uscontinentalcongress.com/p/usca.html" style="color: #1616cc; text-decoration: none;"><i>United States</i> </a><i><a href="http://www.uscontinentalcongress.com/p/usca.html" style="color: #1616cc; text-decoration: none;">in Congress Assembled</a>. </i></span><a href="http://www.samuelhuntington.org/" style="color: #1616cc; text-decoration: none;">Samuel Huntington</a><span style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px;">and</span><span style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px;"> </span><a href="http://www.georgewashington.us/" style="color: #1616cc; line-height: 17.77777862548828px; text-decoration: none;">George Washington</a><span style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px;">served, respectively, as the Republic's first President and Commander-in-Chief;</span><span style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #990000; line-height: 17.77777862548828px;">Fourth United American Republic:</span></b><span style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: #990000;"> </span><i>The </i></span><i style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px;">United States of America: We the People</span></i><span style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px; text-indent: 0in;"> was formed by 11 states on March 4th, 1789 (North Carolina and Rhode Island joined in November 1789 and May 1790, respectively), with </span><span style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px;">the</span><span style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px;"> enactment of the U.S. <i>Constitution of 1787. </i>The fourth and current United States Republic </span><span style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px;">governs through the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate in Congress Assembled, the U.S. President and Commander-in-Chief, and the U.S. Supreme Court. </span><i style="line-height: 17.77777862548828px;"><a href="http://www.georgewashington.us/" style="color: #1616cc; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none;">George Washington</a><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal;">served as the Republic's first President and Commander-in-Chief.</span></i></span></span></li>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><b>Capitals of the United States and Colonies of America</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Philadelphia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sept. 5, 1774 to Oct. 24, 1774<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_36.html" target="_blank">City Tavern</a> & <a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_97.html" target="_blank">Carpenter’s Hall</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Philadelphia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">May 10, 1775 to Dec. 12, 1776<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_97.html" target="_blank">Pennsylvania State House</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Baltimore<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dec. 20, 1776 to Feb. 27, 1777<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_38.html" target="_blank">Henry Fite’s House</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Philadelphia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">March 4, 1777 to Sept. 18, 1777<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_97.html">Pennsylvania State House</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Lancaster<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">September 27, 1777<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_16.html" target="_blank">Lancaster Court House</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">York<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sept. 30, 1777 to June 27, 1778<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_44.html" target="_blank">York-town Court House</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Philadelphia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">July 2, 1778 to June 21, 1783<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/college-hall.html" target="_blank">College Hall</a> - <a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_97.html" target="_blank">PA State House</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Princeton<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">June 30, 1783 to Nov. 4, 1783<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/prospect-house.html" target="_blank">Prospect House</a> - <a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/nassau-hall-princeton-n.html" target="_blank">Nassau Hall</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Annapolis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Nov. 26, 1783 to Aug. 19, 1784<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_8.html" target="_blank">Maryland, State House</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Trenton<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Nov. 1, 1784 to Dec. 24, 1784<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page.html" target="_blank">French Arms Tavern</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">New York City<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Jan. 11, 1785 to Nov. 13, 1788<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/federal.html" target="_blank">New York City Hall</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">New York City<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">October 6, 1788 to March 3,1789<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/walter-livingston-house.html" style="color: #33aaff; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.3333px;" target="_blank">Walter Livingston House</a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">New York City<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">March 3,1789 to August 12, 1790<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/federal.html" target="_blank">Federal Hall</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Philadelphia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">December 6,1790 to May 14, 1800<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/congress-hall.html" target="_blank">Congress Hall</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Washington DC<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">November 17,1800 to Present<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/us-capitol-building.html" target="_blank">Two US Capitol Buildings</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><b><br /></b></span><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Dr. Naomi and Stanley Yavneh Klos, </i></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Principals</i></span></span></b></div>
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<b style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; line-height: normal; text-align: start;"><i>Primary Source exhibits are available for display in your community. The costs range from $1,000 to $35,000 depending on length of time on loan and the rarity of artifacts chosen. </i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>For More Information <a href="http://www.americasfourrepublics.com/p/afur-curriculum.html">Click Here</a></b></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgplaqucBiFyVhlHyEPFdNiZbBatyrjpMlYC70Be6F6AKsEXSQ-MDXvgX1J9SKM-6QBER55evcdZI3CE3Jwzkli9sOq6rIHevkDKgf1Nlg3K4ZRAKSkq5OF8xVW8-yWShAb4rM2EYmRb54R/s1600/Merryday+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgplaqucBiFyVhlHyEPFdNiZbBatyrjpMlYC70Be6F6AKsEXSQ-MDXvgX1J9SKM-6QBER55evcdZI3CE3Jwzkli9sOq6rIHevkDKgf1Nlg3K4ZRAKSkq5OF8xVW8-yWShAb4rM2EYmRb54R/s640/Merryday+2.jpg" title="“The plaintiff’s wish to correct what he regards as a widespread misconception about those who served the nation under the Articles of Confederation is laudable.” – Steven D. Merryday, Chief United States District Judge --- Stanley Klos, Plaintiff, Appellant v. Henry M. Paulson, Jr., Secretary of the Treasury, Defendant, Appellee." width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">U.S. Dollar Presidential Coin Mr. Klos vs Secretary Paulson - </span><a href="http://www.coinact.com/p/in-united-states-court-of-appeals-filed_2452.html" style="font-family: 'times new roman';">Click Here</a></span></td></tr>
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Estorichttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01053949094757114679noreply@blogger.com0